Types Of Forward Error Correction

Sorts Of Forward Error Correction Blunder adjusting codes are significant in securing transmitted information. In this paper we present the forward mistake revision (FECs) about the foundation of it INTRODUCTION, how they works, clarify the standards of forward blunder remedying codes (FECs) Principles of FECs. Furthermore, we additionally present the various kinds of FECs and how they work in web and remote interchanges TYPES of FECs. List Terms-forward mistake adjustment (FECs), Error Correction Code, web, remote. Presentation Forward Error Correction code is an information code which is utilized in blunder control for information transmission. In FEC which utilizing FECs, the beneficiary not exclusively can get transmission blunder, yet additionally figure out where the mistake occurred by parallel image and right it. Not the same as ARQ, FEC is applied to the moderately exorbitant retransmissions. Whats more, so as to recuperate tainted information, FEC data is typically added to mass stockpiling gadgets. The benefit of forward mistake amendment is that retransmission of information can frequently be stayed away from. Computerized correspondence frameworks additionally use FEC to least SNR. At the point when the channel mistakes will in general happen in blasts, FEC coded information can decrease the win or bust properties of transmitted FEC codes. [1] But this bit of leeway depends on the expense of higher data transfer capacity prerequisites overall, which implies that FEC is applied in circumstances where retransmissions are generally costly or outlandish. 2 PRINCIPLES of FECs Forward mistake amendment code (FECs) is an information codes which is utilized in FEC framework for information transmission. In view of the FECs, the sender adds to its messages by utilizing a foreordained calculation, the collector can distinguish and address mistakes without approaching the sender for extra information. Not all the mistakes can be remedied by a similar structure of the code, in this way, different conditions need diverse FEC codes to coordinate. Moreover, numerous FEC calculations can take simple information in, and put computerized information out. There are two fundamental approaches to code, direct square code and cycle code. Yet, they share the comparable guideline. At the point when we send k bits date and utilize direct square codes to address it, the transmission framework will remake n bits code word by increased n*k generator grid with the end goal that we can endure k-n misfortunes. What's more, when then collector get the n bits code word, and increased the n bits code by HT framework n*(n-k) network created by the unit grid and discretionary lattice. It will control the mistake and redress the blunder by utilizing the aftereffect of the last duplicated. Last, the decoder will reproduce the date like the image. To check enormous information we need loads of work. What's more, consider about the quality and exactness, the straight square codes are difficult to actualize in equipment. The cycle codes are simpler to execute than direct square code by utilizing shift registers. The sender duplicates the information by request of generator polynomial P(x) to make code word. Also, in beneficiary, it isolates get code by P(x) to get the disorder and find where the mistake is. At that point the decoder will remake the date. 3 TYPES of FECs Square codes and Convolution codes The two fundamental sorts of FECs are square codes and convolution codes. In this segment, we will discuss the distinctive bound of every one of them and look at those points of interest and disservice. Square codes chip away at fixed length squares of bits or images of foreordained size. It encode the information by various a mind boggling framework and in recipient, the decoder will recreate the information and right the mistakes. There are numerous sorts of square codes, for example, BCH codes and Hamming codes. Convolution codes chip away at bit or image streams, which have discretionary length. All in all, they are decoded with the Viterbi calculation. While expanding requirement length of the convolution code, it permits asymptotically ideal interpreting productivity, its still to the detriment of exponentially expanding multifaceted nature. [2] It encodes k bits data into n bits images. Since k and n is little, it is anything but difficult to transmission. Not the same as Block code, the n bits code work rely upon the k bits date, yet additionally rely upon the forward images. Convolution codes are utilized in various applications, for example, advanced video, radio, versatile correspondence, and satellite correspondence. It is fast and productive. In another word, we can pick which types FECs can be utilized in our framework by we need. In any case, Reed-Solomon coding (RS) is the most broadly utilized on the grounds that it odd capacity in mistake control. Presently we present a few kinds of FECs. CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check is the most significant of direct gathering codes and the most ordinarily utilized blunder checking code. Its data field and check the length of the field can be subjectively chosen. A CRC is shaped by date and check code. The senders code the source information and send the check code behind the information. Furthermore, the collectors yet code the information through a similar way and contrast the check code and the outcome. The benefit of CRC is that it is anything but difficult to use in PC and computerized parts since it is framed by parallel code. In any case, the codes length is enormous and it requires some investment and channels. A case of utilizing CRC code is the FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array). During gadget activity, it can make constant confirmation of the CRAM substance possible by utilizing hard CRC checker. The CRC is ensured to recognize multi-bit mistakes. Incorporating CRC hardware on-chip in hard doors has numerous advantages, for instance, the hardware is fit for performing without disappointment under a wide scope of conditions and not helpless to delicate blunders. Moreover, the CRC circuit is an independent square and is empowered just. [3] BCH code and R-S code: BCH code can check and right various arbitrary mistakes in model staggered, cycle, blunder adjustment, variable-length computerized code. It is a non-twofold codes. Reed-Solomon is enveloped from BCH. It is comprised of n images, and every one of the images is m bits long. [4] After coding, it adds t check images to the information, and the decoder can utilize a R-S code to recognize any blunders of up to t images, and right up to t/2 mistakes. It is progressively perplexing then basic of CRC and has solid mistake revision capacity. It is generally utilized in mass information stockpiling framework, for example, DVD, tablet and some game frameworks to address the burst mistakes. What's more, the R-S code additionally can be use to defeat the questionable state of information transmissions. An utilization of R-S codes was to address the information sent back by Voyager. It is noteworthy that R-S code is utilized in satellite transmission. Since R-S code increases a lot of data transfer capacity need to net change, so we cannot utilize it in web. Turbo Code: Turbo codes originate from sequential linked codes which dependent on an external Reed-Solomon blunder revision code. Turbo Codes are well-execution FECs, which is the principal commonsense code to intently move toward the channel limit. They join an assortment of methods of encoding and translating. The encoders reproduce the information into three sections - one m bits information and two n/2 bits code. What's more, in beneficiary, two interconnected decoders are utilized to evade mistake blasts. There are two diverse sort of Turbo Code Turbo Convolution Code (TCC) and Block Turbo Code (BTC) [5]. One is base on Convolution code and the other is Block code. The Turbo Convolution Code has more noteworthy rectification capacity than BTC and is broadly utilized in remote correspondence while Block Turbo Code shows better execution at high code rate and suits for optical correspondence frameworks. 4. FECs in WIRELESS and INTERNET FECs in remote Rapid interactive media information transmission is defenseless against blasted mistakes principally because of the structure. The nature of administration (QoS) of a remote system is to a great extent subject to the connection solidness and accessibility and the mistake likelihood. FECs limit the impacts of multipart blurring to upgrade the QoS by including check code in the transmitted information. Also, in all wrinkles of FECs, the R-S code has the most solid blunder adjustment capacity. Also, R-S codes are powerful in limiting the hopeless framework issues which are excited by burst blunders in rapid information traffic and diminishing the bit mistake rate [6]. Accordingly, the remote connection is higher accessibility and E/N is dropped. So both in industry remote net and remote transmission, it is in far reaching. What's more, presently in BWA, a R-S (204,188) has been advanced. It can diffuse various mistakes in a single point to some little blunder. What's more, the blunder will been remedied in decoder. FECs in web FECs is applied in web is another improvement research issue in as of late decennium. In web, FECs adjust to finish more address transmission. In the first place, individuals consider the R-S code since it unwavering quality. What's more, R-S code is anything but difficult to be decoded. In any case, R-S code needs a perplexing math activity. In long information transmission, it will take too prolonged stretch of time and it might tribute arrange automobile overload by utilizing R-S code. So R-S code simply utilizing in short length date transmission. Also, presently most utilize the Tornado code in web. Tornado code is a Low-thickness equality codes and developed in a sort of non-recipe picture. Spielman give the Expander code in 1995 on the base of Low-thickness equality codes.[7] And in 1998, Byers J W, and Luby M put out the Tornado code on the base of it.[8] Tornado code can be coded in a linearity time. What's more, it has an immediately spread speed than R-S code. This is the structure of Tornado code. By utilizing FECs, the speed of transmission in web will be diminished with less retransmission. Furthermore, FECs additionally can dodge the blocking and guaranteeing web dependability when we transmit information in web. Looking at the utilization of FECs between in web and remote, we can get the end. The remote need higher QoS and can give more transmission capacity to transmit information. So we use R-S code or Turbo Convolution Code to upgrade the accessibility of connections to get high QoS. While in web, R-S code will take additional time in encoding and deciphering and in web retransmit isnt

Case Study OHS Solutions Pty. Ltd. Click Now To Get Solution

Questions: Contextual analysis OHS Solutions Pty. Ltd. is an organization shaped by three companions (Des, Satish and Emma) who carry various aptitudes and capacities to the business. Emma is a bookkeeping graduate, Des has skill in word related wellbeing and security (OHS) and Satish has an IT degree. They chose to fire up a business which would give an entryway through which general society and organizations could access (for nothing) data on all parts of OHS. OHS Solutions would fund its business, and make benefits, by charging organizations to publicize by means of their site. The executives of OHS Solutions are: Overseeing Director Des Fund Director Emma (non official) Chief Satish (official utilized additionally to run the innovative side of the business) Chief Ying (non official) a companion of Des and executive of Support Pty. Ltd. (Backing Pty. Ltd. has gone underwriter for a $50,000 credit from the Business Bank Ltd. to OHS Solutions) The Shareholders of OHS Solutions (holding equivalent measures of conventional offers) are Des, Emma, Satish and Support Pty. Ltd. As at January 2007 OHS Solutions had been working for a half year. It had some underlying IT issues which kept a portion of the sponsors material from being gotten to. So as to attempt to help conquer these specialized issues Satish connected with Trouble Shooters Pty. Ltd. At the February Board meeting, Satish detailed that two organizations who had paid to promote on the site were disappointed with what was going on and were taking steps to sue for penetrate of agreement. Emma couldn't table any budgetary data as the representative who had been doing the records had been wiped out and when Emma took a gander at the records she saw that they appeared as in somewhat of a wreck. She found a huge record from Trouble Shooters that was over due. Des detailed that he was upset by this news. He had been told by Satish that the IT issues experienced been fixed since Difficulty Shooters had been locked in, and he had quite recently marked a $10,000 publicizing contract with Promotions Plus Pty. Ltd. to publicize the site and joined to go to an expo to be held related to an imminent OHS gathering. He said this was required on the grounds that various prominent publicists were taking steps to end their relationship with OHS Solutions except if the entrance turned out to be better known. Ying just tunes in dismay at the March Board meeting. Her couldn't help thinking that OHS Solutions is as a rule inadequately oversaw and is neglecting to benefit as much as possible from a conceivably gainful business opportunity. This could introduce an open door for Support Pty. Ltd. to make a proposal to purchase OHS Solutions at a decent cost. Then again Support Pty. Ltd. is uncovered as an underwriter. Accept she counsels you, a bookkeeper, for your fundamental view about the bind of OHS Solutions and what she ought to do. Expect additionally that the main thing that strikes a chord is in the case of Ying herself might be defenseless as an executive of OHS Solutions for neglecting to keep OHS Solutions from exchanging when it is bankrupt. Section A Compose a short clarification regarding why the executives obligation to forestall ruined exchanging exists and the conditions and results of the cover of consolidation being lifted for bankrupt exchanging. (Don't simply rehash the expressions of the important segments in the Corporations Act). Part B From what you are aware of OHS Solutions dilemma, DISCUSS whether any of the chiefs might be going to break or have just penetrated the obligation to forestall ruined exchanging. (So as to do this you should think about what's going on in OHS Solutions case with other point of reference cases and allude to the applicable segments in the Corporations Act.) What will you prompt Ying? Answer: Section A Each organization has an executive or a top managerial staff who are liable for sparing the organization in terrible and great occasions. The case that has been given gives a circumstance where the chiefs need to adhere to their obligations and take a gander at the organization as their first need. Certain segments set down in The Corporations Act 2001 educates us regarding the separate obligations that an executive has in various circumstances here it being the cover of fuse and to forestall wiped out exchanging request to comprehend what might be the response to the particular inquiry, the above expressions is the thing that we have to comprehend before illuminating the segments which reveal to us progressively about the given the situation which discloses to us how the chief to follow these areas and satisfy their obligations when the given circumstances emerge. ruined exchanging is the point at which the executive of the organization continues into exchanging when the organizatio n is paying off debtors, it is increasingly similar to causing obligations when the organization if indebted or state debted to other people. Bankruptcy as known is a circumstance when one gathering owes the other party a total of cash which is expected. Area 588G of the Corporations Act 2001 enlightens all the more concerning the obligations of chiefs particularly at the hour of indebtedness, and finishes the uncertainty explanation by expressing that it is the executives obligation to forestall ruined exchanging by the organization. The primary proviso expresses the accompanying focuses It might be applied if the given individual is the chief of the given organization when the organization faces a circumstance where incurrence of obligation happens. The bankruptcy of organization is available and it is continuing bringing about obligations. There is proof that the organization is ruined, or that it may get bankrupt sooner rather than later. It is the point at which the beginning of this Act had happened and thus would consider the executives at risk. This is the circumstance which has been referenced for the situation study where the organization OHS arrangements are being not able to reimburse the credit taken from Trouble Shooters Pty. Ltd, reason being bankrupt exchanging. This area further clarifies the obligations the chiefs have however segment 588H likewise accommodates the resistance that the executives have if the above is demonstrated. The executives will be regarded obligated just if the previously mentioned focuses stand valid. The piece of this area which brings up this as an offense is segment 588G(3) which says that it is an offense if: The individual demonstration which was so as to forestall the organization was unscrupulous. The person(s) knew about the current of the not so distant future indebtedness of the organization. The organization is wiped out in actuality, or that it would become wiped out if any obligation brings about. At the point when the obligation brings about, the person(s) happens to be a chief of the individual organization. What's more, the most significant point being that the organization brings about an obligation. At the point when the above focuses or one of the above focuses is satisfied it turns into an offense in the piece of the executive. Henceforth we realize that it is the executives obligation to keep the organization from bankrupt exchanging as referenced in the Corporations Act. The table given is referenced in the Corporations Act- At the point when obligations are brought about [operative table] Activity ofcompany At the point when obligation is brought about 1 delivering a profit at the point when the profit is paid or, if the companyhas aconstitutionthat providesfor the assertion of profits, when the profit is announced 2 making a decrease of offer funding to which Division1 of Part2J.1 applies (other than a decrease that comprises just of thecancellationof an offer or offers for no thought) at the point when the decrease produces results 3 repurchasing shares (regardless of whether the thought isn't an aggregate certain inmoney) when thebuy-back agreementis went into 4 redeemingredeemable inclination sharesthat are redeemable at its alternative when thecompanyexercises the alternative 5 issuingredeemable inclination sharesthat are redeemable in any case than at its choice at the point when the offers areissued 6 monetarily helping apersonto acquireshares (orunitsof shares) in itself or aholding organization when theagreementtoprovidethe help is gone into or, if there is noagreement, when the help is given 7 going into anuncommercial transaction(within the importance ofsection588FB)other than one that acourt orders, or aprescribedagencydirects, thecompanytoenter into when thetransactionis went into Next point that we know is that it is additionally the chiefs obligation to forestall the shroud of joining (Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners (1923) AC 723) being lifted for wiped out exchanging including the conditions and the results. One of the most significant reasons why an organization is consolidated is on the grounds that the lawful risk of the organization is something which is kept separate from the person, who is engaged with the organization. At the point when we consider the given case we see that this cover guarantee that the organization is through and through a different legitimate element and that it isn't associated with the executives or the investors individual resources. One of the main cases which managed the shroud or fuse is Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd, where the organization was given the different legitimate element separated from its individuals. Yet, the inquiry is what are the conditions and outcomes of lifting of cloak or joining. It essentially implies a circumstance when the corporate character of the organization is disregarded and it is checked upon with respect to who has the genuine power over the organization, and who the misrepresentation as the case perhaps may be. In Re Edelsten ex parte Donnelly the court expressed that The contention [of fraud] is, obviously round. It can possibly succeed if the contention of trick succeeds, provided that no property was obtained by, or degenerated upon, Edelsten, no obligation fit for being avoided could emerge under the ActThe accommodation that the VIP Group had been utilized to execute a misrepresentation was correspondent, and stood, or fell, with the entries which tried to have the exchanges, by which the VIP Group procured property, treated as hoaxes. Purposes behind lifting or puncturing of this shroud could be one of the accompanying; or rather the

How to Juggle Being a College Student and an Avid Reader

How to Juggle Being a College Student and an Avid Reader People often ask me how I’m able to read while also attending classes full-time as a college student. While it’s no easy task, I believe that anyone can make time, throughout their day, to read. Whether you’re able to fit in five minutes or half an hour of reading, we all can find ways to dive into novels in the midst of our busy schedules. College is an incredibly busy time in any student’s life. A student’s time can get eaten up easily, between classes, assignments, extracurricular activities, internships, etc. This can leave them with no time to read for fun. But over the years, I’ve learned some tips and tricks to help me maintain a reading life while also being a college student. Schedule Reading into Your Day Creating a rigid schedule is key for any college student. While you ’re completing assignments, going to club meetings, or going to practice for a sport, you can also squeeze in some time for reading. I’ve spoken to many people who have made it a habit to read for thirty minutes before bed. This helps them unwind, relax, and step away from social media for the night.   Others may find time to read in the morning as they eat breakfast. By setting out a specific time to read, you’re making reading a priority in your life! It’s also important to note that you don’t have to read every day. There are times when I am too exhausted or busy to pick up a novel, and that is perfectly normal. Not everyone has the time to read every day. It’s okay if you miss a day from your reading schedule; that doesn’t make you any less of a reader. Try to set out a specific time to read every day, but remember that it’s okay if you miss a day or two from your schedule. Unwind and read During  the weekend Weekends are my favorite time to read because I don’t have any classes to attend and can spend my morning, in bed, reading a novel on my Kindle. If you still have obligations during the weekend, try setting an hour or a half to read. By deliberately setting out a time to read and adding it to your daily to-do list, you’re making it a small task which will help push yourself to read more. Never leave the house without a book I never travel without a book downloaded on my phone or a novel in my purse. I’ll never know if I’ll find the time to read on the go. I especially bring it to all my classes. If you tend to get to class half an hour early like I do, I spend that time reading in the hallway, in a lounge, or in the classroom I’m waiting in rather than spending my time scrolling through social media. Another way to read more often is to read in between classes. Whether it’s an hour break, in between classes, or fifteen minutes, one can always squeeze in some reading time. Id also recommend downloading a digital reading app on your phone (like Kindle, Nook, Libby, Overdrive, etc.) to read on the go if you don’t want to lug around a novel in your bag all day. Instead of opening Twitter or Instagram, open up your reading app and get a few pages read, here and there; they’ll add up eventually! stop procrastinating and read! Procrastination eats up precious time and is a bad habit for any student to have. For me, I’d like to call myself the opposite of a procrastinator. The moment I get an assignment I try to finish it as quickly as possible that way I have free time to read rather than worrying about a project, essay, or article that’s due. Instead of pushing off a task until you’re rushing to complete it the day before it’s due, try to complete it quickly, so you won’t have to worry about that specific class and can spend your time reading instead. Breaking out of a procrastination habit is difficult. But completing tasks early can help open up hours, if not days, of free time, especially during college where assignments are given weeks in advance. There’s also an immense satisfaction in finishing assignments days or weeks early; while students are scrambling to write essays or create projects, you can spend afternoons or nights reading, knowing you’ve already finished something that others are still stressing about. dont worry about how many books you read Being a student can eat up a lot of your time, especially if you juggle extracurricular activities, a part-time job, and other obligations. During college, peoples usual reading habits may be pushed off to the side or even forgotten about completely. I used to read 100 novels a year, during high school, but now I only read half that amount. College consumes free time, and that is perfectly okay. Embracing the fact that you won’t be able to read as often as you used to will help lift a weight off your shoulders. Hopefully, these tips will help push yourself to read more often, during the semester, but don’t worry if you aren’t reading as often as you once did. Our situations change over time, and as long as we adapt to them, we can always find a small amount of time to read throughout the day.

White Collar Crime - 1831 Words

White collar crime has been present for many years. It may have been over looked, but it still was present even in the twentieth century. White collar crime can be defined as nonviolent, illegal activities that principally involve traditional notions of deceit, deception, concealment, manipulation, breach of trust, subterfuge or illegal circumvention. White collar crime is a broad category containing many different types of offenses. Even things such as music piracy seem to fit this definition. Small crimes such as music piracy or illegal prescription drug buying is not really enforced much because these are not really major crimes. The criminal in this crime is probably an elderly individual or child. Most prosecutions of white collar†¦show more content†¦The first fraudulent scheme that I will discuss is the topic of automobile insurance fraud. According to the Insurance Fraud Institute, the majority of the claims they receive of bodily harm are exaggerated. Many of these people may be hurt, but not to the extent to which they claim to be. Many of these people only want reimbursement for high insurance premium costs, but these claims are what drive up the premium costs in the first place. This accounts for one-third of all insurance fraud cases. Some fraudulent cases come from staged accidents or inflated repair show estimates. Repair may even damage someone s property to purposely raise the amount of the price range that it would cost to get the car fixed. This may seem as if the repair man is doing this just to the individual who brought their car in, but if they have insurance he is defrauding the insurance company also. Many just simply raise price ranges for customers. This is very easy to do to young and elderly individuals. The young victims may not understand, while the elderly probably don t know any better. The next form of insurance fraud I am going to mention deals with phony workers compensation claims. These offenders exaggerate injurie s with the intent of receiving paid work leave or other benefits. You could see this most common in manual labor companies. Some offenders even go as far as to fake an injuryShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crime1488 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals dont get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreThe And White Collar Crime897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Literature Review Crimes have been occurring in our society for many years and recently the occurrence of non-violent crimes has increased dramatically. Traditional and white collar crimes have two traits in common, an objective and a modus operandi, but the major difference is that a white collar criminal has a plan and also the ability, knowledge and technology to execute it (Nevis, 2012). White-collar crimes can occur at any occupational level and affects all parts of society, from big businessesRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreBlack Collar Crimes And White Collar Crime1956 Words   |  8 Pagesexplaining what white collar crime in its introduction. The paper will then explain the distinct types of white collar crimes, after that different case study’s will be presented from the book to give examples of the diverse types of white collar crimes. After that the paper will talk about the diverse ways to combat white collar crimes while also going over the challenges law enforcement face when fighting white collar crime. Finally, the author will give his conclusion on white collar crime. Read MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreWhite Collar Crime2498 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of white collar and white collar crime * Various types of white collar crime B. Thesis statement: There are 3 causes of white collar and 5 way to combat with white collar crime. II. The cause of white collar crime is opportunities to commit crime. A. The loophole of the law and security B. An individual well known the operation of a company, the chances to commit fraud is higher. III. Second causes of white collar crime are workersRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Corporate Crime1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with respectable social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer crime and expense-account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white-collar crimes but these non-violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA, for example recordedRead MorePunishment For White Collar Crimes Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagesdoors† (Smith and Howat 109). White-collar crimes are explained in â€Å"White-collar crime† as, price fixing, false advertisement, and wiring and tampering with accounts belonging to anyone other than, in this case, the criminal (Levenson). With the advancements in techno logy and increase in satellite towers breaching financial accounts or even obtaining financial information has become effortless. Criminals commit the crime to improve their social status. These crimes do not include physically harmedRead MoreBlack Collar Crime : White Collar1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Sometimes known as the ‘victimless’ crime, White Collar Crime includes crimes such as fraud, embezzlement and, more often than not, results in the criminal profiting money-wise which is one of the biggest lures into White Collar Crime (WCC). WCC, has become more and more easier and accessible as businesses move closer towards technology and further away from paper documents which makes it easier to commit WCC as, if you knew what you were doing, you could cover your tracks easier thanRead MoreThe Age Of White Collar Crime1463 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the Whitewater

Thesis About Drop-Out Students - 3550 Words

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND I. Introduction Many young people make decisions in their early years that can affect not only their personal welfare, but also their society as a whole. Some students fail to complete school and may become unemployed instead of becoming productive member of the society. One of the major problem the Philippine education is facing right now, especially in the public schools is the high percentage in the drop – out rate. Each year, the Department of Education introduces different methods to answer the continuous decrease in the internal efficiency especially the drop – out rate in different schools. There is really a need for an advocacy to further supplement the idea of â€Å"†¦show more content†¦Out of the 1500 students of Betis High School, 50 students were used as a sample in conducting a survey. This study limits its coverage to the first and second year students only. Its main purpose is to identify the common problems that the drop-out students encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding this problem. This study considers every aspects of students personal information that has an impact on their academic performances such as their parents educational background, their parents income, their gender and age. Each of the respondents are given same questionnaires to answer. And this study focus on the current first and second year students of Betis High School S.Y 2011-2012. VIII. Definition of Terms 1. Delimited - to establish the limits or boundaries of demarcate. 2. Hindrance - something that hinders : obstacle 3. Supplement - something added to complete a thing make up for deficiency or extend or strengthen the whole. 4. Swifter - quick to act or react. 5. Respondents - one who responds. 6. Efficiency - quality of being efficient. 7. Personal Welfare - financial or aid provided especially by the government to people in need. 8. Drop – out - one who quits school. 9. Economic Stability - the condition of being stable. Chapter IIShow MoreRelatedThe Lively Art of Writing Chapters 1 and 2 Answers1689 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrowing the topic down to a single or few aspects. In group E-H, the choice would be Driver Training Programs Cost Too Much. This is an excellent topic for both support and opposition and for looking though the viewpoints of multiple people, such as students, parents, or other people in a community. The winner of best topic in the third group (I-J) would go to Moby Dick, Americas greatest novel. This statement would relate to anyone who has read the novel and has created an opinion on the quality ofRead MoreEvaluation Of Sources And Argumrnts On Developing Critical Thinking Skills860 Words   |  4 PagesAs an International student, writing course is and has always been one of the most challenging courses. However, this class helped me to improve my writing skills. The work in this portfolio demonstrates that I have used methods of analysis and evaluation of sources and argumrnts to develop critical thinking skills. Though I have made some progress in appropriate documentation and essay oragnization areas, I have work to do to come to a full understanding of grammar, mechanics and sufficient contentRead MoreBeing A Minority Creates Effects On Academic Achievement843 Words   |  4 Pagesas having a damaging effect were cogent answers that supported the thesis of the study. For example, an answer similar to, â€Å"I believe that my academic performance is affected negatively because I cannot speak or write English properly. Thus, when I communicate, either by speaking or writing a paper, I cannot clearly express my ideas in a way that allows my professor to interpret that I fully understand a text,† supported the thesis because it expressed evidence that being a minority had detrimentalRead MoreMost Of The Time People Wake Up And Do There Normal Morning1404 Words   |  6 Pagesup and do there normal morning routine without thinking much about it. Why is it that we don’t question the things we do on a normal basis? Why do we do the things we do? Growing up we are told and taught things that are accepted by society. One of those things is that after high school, graduates are supposed to go to college. Ken Saxon speaks about this in his essay â€Å"What do you do with a B.A. in History?†. Ken argues that most students in college go be cause that is what society says they shouldRead MoreMandatory Conscription In The Military895 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are many educational and occupational benefits for American soldiers. Many citizens of the United States today do not know about these benefits. If they did, they might change their opinion on the draft and conscription as a requirement. There are many skills and benefits to be gained from enlisting in the army that can help an individual prosper in life. 3. Thesis Statement: 1. Mandatory conscription does not prevent American citizens from attaining their educational and occupational goalsRead MoreStress Student959 Words   |  4 Pagesinformative speech Purpose:   To inform the audience about student stress.   Thesis:   Today I will discuss about sources and effects of student stress and efficient ways to manage this emotional and physical strain. Organizational Pattern:   I. Introduction    A. Attention Getter   According to the Student Living Report 2002, an ongoing survey of student experiences carried out by MORI for the UNITE Group, more than half of students (53%) said they had become more stressed since startingRead MoreAre Too Many People Going to College Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesessay fails to take into consideration the various motivators that can lead to student success, despite where that student might be on Murray’s ability ladder (Murray Paragraph 13). This essay seeks to analyze Murray’s claims about why the pursuit of a traditional, four-year college education can do more harm than good when it comes to defining success for the individual learner. Rhetorical Analysis The main thesis of Murray’s essay is that the unrealistic pursuit of a college degree, propagatesRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards881 Words   |  4 Pageson the same academic level by high school graduation. As the global marketplace becomes increasingly more competitive, the United States hopes that Common Core will enable the coming generations to be better prepared. As of right now, my working thesis is Common Core is overall unsuccessful in its effort, and discontinuing or, at the least, replacing it would improve the testing scores /academic progresses, mental health, and attitude towards school of the children in the United States. My twoRead MoreStatus Of The Historiography Of Chicano Education899 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel unfit for the Anglo-Society. This prevented Chicanos students from attending school and developing English literacy. For instance, the article mentions how schools located in California and Texas excluded Mexicans from attending primary a nd secondary school because Chicanos lacked an understanding of the language English. After the Bilingual Eduction of Act of 1968 was passed, school districts created special programs to encourage students of low-income to develop a better understanding of EnglishRead MoreSpeech On Let s Talk Success1731 Words   |  7 Pagesmet at a national education summit in Washington, D.C. to discuss ways to improve the nation’s drop out record. In total, 22 states signed a pledge to improve their graduation rates. Each year the Department of Education releases a report with the national statistics on the number of students who drop out from public K-12 education. Despite the plethora of accurate statistics on the number of students leaving school there are various reasons attributed to why less than $200,000 of federal money has

Input Controls Free Essays

Input Controls When we talk about input controls, what are we really talking about? Input control includes the necessary measures to ensure that data is correct, complete, and secure. A system analyst must focus on input control during every phrase of input design, starting with source documents that promote data accuracy and quality. (Shelly Rosenblatt, (2012)). We will write a custom essay sample on Input Controls or any similar topic only for you Order Now Input controls can help the flow of data in a database to be the same format and easy to understand. Without input controls there can be data integrity errors that could occur and cause information to be incorrect in the database. There are advantages and disadvantages to restricting user interfaces to limit a person ability of typing in too much information or maybe not enough information. Although there are many different types of input controls in this paper there will be only four of them that are addressed in this paper; this would include input mask, validation rules, source documents and batch input. First let’s talk about input mask. Input mask is an appearance that helps to characterize what type of contact is allowed in a given field on a template. The main purpose behind the input mask is to keep the data entry process somewhat the same and decrease the chances for incorrect data to be entered into the field. The input field entry can be configured to allow automatic field input as a way of saving time and resources. Input mask is created doing the process of computer programming. The fields on the template are recognized with specific control values. The values make it impossible to enter data that is not compatible with the values. An example of that would be when a field that contains an input mask that only allows letters will automatically reject the input of numbers and another one would be automatically converting the input into an adequate format an example of that would be when the input mask requires that the date field on the template specifies a format that is structured as date/month/year. Even if you enter the date into the field follows a month/date/year format, the input system reads the entered data and automatically converts it into the proper form. Input mask is a type of tool which had been developed for the purpose of telling the person that what sort of things need to be provided as an input so that the desired output can be achieved. The input mask basically acts as developer software. The text box is the tool where the input needs to be entered. The input mask can also act as a template or a simple format and this basically differs from situation to situation. In this transcription errors are the one which needs to be reduced and this is done through the way of data integrity which is one of the most basic features of the input mask. Validation rule is a criterion used in the process of data validation, carried out after the data has been encoded onto an input medium and involves a data vet or validation program. This is distinct from formal verification, where the operation of a program is determined to be that which was intended, and that meets the purpose. This method is to check that data fall the correct parameters defined by the systems analyst. A judgment as to whether data is official which is possible made by the validation program, but it cannot ensure the entire accurateness. This can only be achieved through the use of all the clerical and computer controls built into the system at the design stage. The difference between data authority and correctness can be illustrated with a trivial example. An example of validations rules is when a user cannot misspell a customer name if it is not entered, or is entered automatically based on the user enter the customer ID. (Shelly Rosenblatt, (2012)). There are at least eight different types of data validation rules; a sequence check, existence check, data type check, range check, reasonableness check, validity check, combination check and batch controls. Source documents is a form used to request and collect input data, trigger or authorize an input action, and provide a record of the original transaction. Source documents generally are paper based. Some examples of source documents would be cash receipt, cancelled check, invoice sent or received, credit memo for a customer refund and employee time sheet. At a bare minimum, each source document should include the date, the amount, and a description of the transaction. When practical, beyond these minimum requirements source documents should contain the name and address of the other party of the transaction. When a source document does not exist, for example, when a cash receipt is not provided by a vendor or is absent, a document should be generated as soon as possible after the operation, using other documents such as bank statements to support the information on the generated source document. Once a transaction has been journalized, the source document should be filed and made retrievable so that connections can be verified should the need arise at a later date. Batch input is a process when data entry is performed on a specified time schedule, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or longer. An example of this would be when a payroll department collects time cards at the end of the week and enters the data as a batch. Some advantages of batch input are collection and entering can be done off-line, entering data can be done by trained personnel, processing can be done very quickly and can be done during non-peak times. Now for some of the disadvantages are, data collection usually has to be a centralized activity, data entry usually needs to be done by specially trained personnel. The processing activity is delayed; hence the possibility exists for data to be considered old or untimely when it finally gets processed. Since processing is usually done during off-hours, input errors detected during processing would not get corrected until the next regularly scheduled processing of input data. The off-hours computer operator may have to call the systems analyst or programmer if the program malfunctions. Below you will see a design for a web-based input for making a hotel reservation which will be using many of the concepts that are mentioned in the paper when talking about input controls. We will look at it in phases. Information gathering Phase 1 – Search and evaluation Input stay requirements – including location (city) and proposed dates of stay Compare and evaluate results – user may view multiple hotel / room / rate combinations Decide – user decides which hotel / room / rate combination meets their requirements Reservation making Phase 2 – Selection Select hotel, room and rate – the user selects the hotel / room / rate they wish to book Select additional rooms and rates – the user adds additional rooms if required Phase 3 – Checkout Input guest details – such as name, address, email address etc. Input payment details – such as credit card details or other payment method Confirm reservation Standard booking processes Screen 1Screen 2Screen 3 Screen 2 Screen 3 Enter search criteria: †¢ Dates †¢ City name [SUBMIT] Display hotels: Hotel 1 [SELECT] Hotel 2 [SELECT] Hotel 3 [SELECT] Display and select rates: Hotel 1 Rate 1 [SELECT] Rate 2 [SELECT] Rate 3 Figure 1: Three-stage screen flow Figure 2: Selection of hotel – ‘Screen 2’ example from Opodo. co. uk Figure 3: Selection of rate – ‘Screen 3’ example from Trip. com Screen 1Screen 2 Enter search criteria: †¢ City †¢ Dates [SUBMIT] Display hotels: Hotel 1 Rate 1 [SELECT] Rate 2 [SELECT] Rate 3 [SELECT] Hotel 2 Rate 1 [SELECT] Rate 2 [SELECT] Rate 3 [SELECT] Hotel 3 Rate 1 [SELECT] Rate 2 [SELECT] Rate 3 [SELECT] Figure 4: Two-stage screen flow Figure 5: Selection of rate and hotel – ‘Screen 2’ example from Expedia. co. uk TABLE 1: Search and evaluation styles Search and evaluation style Travel agency Hotel only Hotel chain Total A Select hotel on screen 2 Select rate on screen 3 10 13 6 29 B Select hotel and rate together on one screen 6 17 2 25 Other -132033 Table 1 demonstrates that for travel agencies and hotel-only websites, there is an even split between using style A and style B. The table also shows that hotel chains generally use other search and evaluation styles. References Amas. syr. edu. 8 Dec 2011. Application Self Evaluation. Retrieved 9 Feb 2012 from http://amas. syr. edu/AMAS/display. cfm? content_ID=%23%28%28%25! %0A Noyes, Brian. 2010 June. Enforcing Complex Business Data Rules with WPF. Retrieved on 9 Feb 2012 from http://msdn. microsoft. com/en-us/magazine/ff714593. aspx Shelly, G. B. , Rosenblatt, H. J. (2012). System Analysis and Design (9th ed. ). Boston: Thomson Course Technology. How to cite Input Controls, Papers Input Controls Free Essays | | |Input Controls | | | | | Many company’s do their best to protect data entry of the company, clients, consumers, and employees. The user interfaces consist of process-control which allows screen command from user in the system. Input controls will ensure that the data entered is safe, secure, complete and accurate. We will write a custom essay sample on Input Controls or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Data can be entered into a computer application from either manual online input or by scheduled  automated processing. The  input control reviewer should determine the adequacy of both manual and automated controls over data input to ensure that data is input accurately with optimum use of computerized validation and editing and that error handling procedures facilitate the timely and accurate resubmission of all corrected data† ( Application Self Evaluation. , September 25, 2012). The four types of input controls are audit trails, encryption, password security, and data security. An audit trail takes the source of the data from the each system, and record it once entered. In most businesses they have an audit group that records everything within the system. It can also reconstruct events after problems have occurred, monitor the system or problem, and prevent unauthorized access. â€Å"A company might also use an audit trail to provide a basis for account reconciliation, to provide a historical report to plan and support budgets, and to provide a record of sales in case of a tax audit† (Rouse, M. , n. d. ). Audit trails is broken into many parts such as individual accountability, reconstruction of events, problem monitoring and intrusion detection. Individual accountability consists of action from the user that is monitor and tracked, which in turn gives them accountability of their own actions. This pushes the users into following policies and procedures set by the company and if taken advantage of the user will then be accountable for their actions. When there is a problem they will reconstruct the events by assess the amount of damages in the review report to pinpoint how, when, and they the particular problem occurred. When it comes to problem monitoring audit trail would use monitoring and tracking software in order to find the problem that occurred online. the results will be presented to the IT department real-time and helps to detect system problems, such as hardware failure, over utilization of resources and network outages. Intrusion detection detects any unauthorized access or use of any system and the audit trail will record the data. That data is then effectively research in order to aid intrusion detection. Encryption is the most effective and efficient type of input controls. When you see that your data is secured, and protected this mean that it is encrypted. Encryption is broken up into two main functions such as symmetric and asymmetric. Both are great encryptions tools but the difference is in how they encrypt data. Symmetric encrypt and decrypt data with the same key whereas asymmetric encrypt and decrypt data with different keys. When we talk about keys we are referring to private keys and public keys. The public key is freely distributed and private key is then we have password security input control which is a vital component on any network. Many industry use one of the many types of encryption to be able run on their network it will depend on the policies and procedures that are set. Password must be secured in many ways such as they will need to be in a certain length, and a combination of characters. Most company’s make users change password every 30 to 60 days or more. It all depends on the policies and procedures they have set. From the user stand point it is tedious to continue changing your password all the time. The best way to ease the pain from the user is the have to be properly educated on why passwords have to be so complex and why they have to be change within a certain timeframe. Another input control is data security these are procedures that protect the system from data loss. Data security ensures the company’s privacy of information is being protected. Audit trail stored the files and reports, then data security protect those files from unauthorized access. Data security is ran on a regular basis by the IT team, which is sometimes called maintenance on the network to be able to backup, store, secured and protect all data. If the data input controls were not in place the integrity of those errors can render any system to malfunction. If the system malfunction this could lead to disk crash, computer failures, and sensitive information would not be secured. Therefore, if sensitive information is not protected then anyone within the company will have access to it. If the system starts to malfunction and the network is down this can cause the whole company to lose data and financial lose. In order to minimize such errors from developing most business would backup information on a regular basis. They can use of error detections and correction software by there IT department to rapidly defend against any issues. Companies can use validation rules to reduce the number of error and improve data quality. Whereas data recovery utilities can restore data loses and damages. Most companies will follow and policies and procedures to makes sure business needs are met. The input controls provided by graphical user interfaces (GUIs) constrain input values to help meet database integrity and validation rules. Sometimes, however, the only data available to be entered is considered invalid. Similarly, there are other times when the data to be entered is valid but is known to be inaccurate† (Flexible Input Controls, n. d). User interface design is the way data is communicated between one or more systems and how the user interacts with such system. This user interface must understand the user principles and human interactions. This is why the user interface is an essential component of system development lifecycle. Input mask is an effective way to prevent errors and data entries. The advantages of restricting users within the user interfaces are only allowing them to access to certain information. Therefore the user will not change any configurations or settings within the user interface. They will not allowing them to access personal information other than their own. A disadvantage of not having restrictions is that the system is not protected. Users are gaining access to personal and sensitive information. [pic] References Rouse, M. (n. d. ). What is audit trail? – Definition from WhatIs. com. CIO information, news and tips – SearchCIO. com. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http://searchcio. techtarget. com/definition/audit-trail Flexible Input Controls for Humane User Interfaces | Usability, etc.. (n. d. ). Usability, etc. | Making things easier to use and understand. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http://usabilityetc. com/articles/flexible-input-controls/ Application Self Evaluation. (2012, September 25). AMAS Website. Retrieved November 15, 2012, from http://amas. syr. edu/AMAS/display. cfm? content_ID=%23((%25! %0A How to cite Input Controls, Essay examples

The Comparison free essay sample

Career Goal and Research Well I have always wanted to be a Marine Biologist, Homicide Detective, or a Forensic Pathologist it Is simply because I love science It simply makes me wonder about so many things. My top choice right now would be a Homicide Detective and then later on In the years Ill make sure I accomplish all my goals. This Is what I want to do simply because I love science.I also think learning more about the body Is amazing, and how accidents happen always leave you wondering. The degree Ill need to become a Hornblende Detective Is high school for police officers, college associates of bachelors degree for higher ranks. Law enforcement agencies may require additional training. There isnt really anything they ask for to work in this kind of field, if you want is optional you can attend college and then go to college for two years receive your bachelors degree it only gives you a higher ann. We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .You also have the option to start as a police three years as a police patrol then you get promotion. Normally you first take a competitive promotional exam. If you pass, then you can choose to become either a sergeant and manage other patrol officers, or to become a detective and do investigate work. Well I really dont need anything to be done in High school but only graduate, but indeed Im also taking all the science class possible in high school, so far I have taken ix science classes.My actual job title will be a Homicide detective after I go through the whole process and the median salary range is about 68,820. The top paying statements is the District of Columbia, New Jersey, Delaware, California, and Alaska. Where I see myself in ten years is already working as a Homicide Detective and working on getting my other goal completed which is becoming a Forensic Pathologist and doing a total of eight years of school including college and university.

Walt Disney Company

Strategic Business Units and application in Disney Strategic Business Units are the divisions that an organization creates to deal with specific issues affecting it in the market (Koontz Weihrich, 2007). They are usually self-contained in that they operate independent of the other units in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Walt Disney Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pooling of different sections of an organization allows SBUs to cut across diverse lines and geographical locations in order to serve specific market needs more efficiently (Koontz Weihrich, 2007). For the SBUs to achieve their intended goals, they need to account for corporate responsibilities and the needs of the organization. This way, it becomes easier to allocate finances and resources and hold each unit accountable for its deeds. The Walt Disney Company has four SBUs in its organizational structure (Banton, 200 8). The four strategic business units found in Walt Disney are Disney consumer products which develops and sells Disney branded products, studio entertainment (which comprise of theater and music divisions), park and resorts (responsible for the operation of the holiday resorts and theme parks), and media and broadcasting (which gathers the entities entailed in the promotion and advertising of the brands through the media) (Banton, 2008). Walt Disney uses SBUs to independently reach its different segments in the market. This is an indication of just how diversified the company is. This has ensured that the company reaches its different consumers in different geographical regions by pooling of resources from different units in a more efficient manner. As a result, Disney has managed to maintain its market share, consumers, competitive edge, and profits. Vision and mission statements A mission statement describes the fundamental purpose of the company. In this case, it tries to explai n why the company exists (Ledgerwood, 2006). On the other hand, a vision statement focuses on the future of the organization as it tries to answer what it would like to achieve. In general, the difference between a vision and mission statement is that whereas the latter places more emphasis on the present state of an organization, the former emphasizes on the future of the organization. Walt Disney Company operates using a mission statement without the inclusion of a vision statement across all its strategic business units. The reason why a company may choose to operate with a mission statement and not the vision statement is that a mission statement clarifies a company’s direction, purpose and values (Ledgerwood, 2006). For example, Disney’s mission statement contains all these aspects as its direction is to develop the most innovative and creative experiences based on profitable entertainment (Branton, 2008). Its values are upheld on its usage of brand portfolio in t he provision of its products and services. The direction of an organization defines its vision. Therefore, in one way or another, a mission statement contains a vision statement albeit indirectly.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another useful aspect for using a mission statement is that it finds application in the process of strategic planning as it defines the values and specifies products of a company, services, target consumers, profitability, growth plans, geographical allocations, and its philosophy (David, 2009). This can be used to focus on the present and the future. Therefore, a company can operate without the inclusion of a vision statement as a mission statement is more powerful and acts as a directive to the company. Copyright Infringement Some of Walt Disney’s strategic units have been involved in copyright infringement especially the media networks , broadcasting and consumer products units. For instance, the company has been in and out of lawsuits after some companies used the Disney consumer products or brands without consultation. According to Smoodin (1994), Disney is usually anxious and litigious when its copyrights are infringed. For instance, when Ontario town in Canada planned to celebrate by erecting a statute that resembled the Milne character, Walt Disney warned that its copyrights had been violated (Smoodin, 1994). A deal had to be struck to solve the issue. In another incident in Florida, the Disney characters were used without proper license, prompting Walt Disney to sue the company as they believed that Mickey Mouse was part of its copyrights and the use of stakeholders finances had to be accounted for. In 1989, Disney sued Motion pictures academy for using its characters in a production that was termed as awful (Smoodin, 1994). The motion picture academy had to apologize publicly to Walt Disney as this was a cl assic example of copyright infringement. The company also sued 500 vendors as defendants on the claim that they had sold fake movies. The reason behind these lawsuits it to protect Walt Disney’s intellectual properties from companies willing to use them maliciously or by taking advantage of its brand name. The use of copyrights gives a company a competitive edge as it reduces the number of players in the market. Furthermore, a company is also able to control its products. This reduces competition encouraging innovation and creativity in the production sector. The company has also been able to make profits by selling its copyrighted products. Selling or using of products and services that are not copyrighted implies that the owner of the intellectual property does not get proceeds from the sales made. In order to safeguard its key assets, Walt Disney has to cooperate with other players in the economy by ensuring that its products are copyrighted and the laws distributed to its collaborators. Walt Disney can also collaborate with other Hollywood companies to ensure that proper mechanisms are put into place to counter copyright infringements. Economic Downturn During the Great Depression it is claimed that individuals indulged in movies as a way of escaping from reality. The current economic downturn is affecting almost all strategic business units of Walt Disney. For example, before the 2008 market and financial crisis, the parks and the resorts were the largest contributor of the Disney’s growth.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Walt Disney Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the financial crisis has since reduced the disposable income of the consumers leading into inclination to the Disney theme park visitors (Branton, 2008). People can no longer afford the luxury of visiting the park as inflation has increased the cost of living and consumers have to live w ithin their budgets. Watching movies from networks and broadcasting channels owned by Disney has not been affected much as people continue to watch these movies. However, cinema halls have been adversely affected as the cost of living has doubled. For example, during the Great Depression the fuel price was not affected as is the case now. People are trying to minimize their electricity bills and the cost of fueling their cars to and fro the movie cinemas halls. This will adversely affect the studio entertainment as the cost of fuel has limited consumers’ disposable income. Therefore entertainment expenses have increased (Branton, 2008) forcing them to turn to low cost entertainment. However, watching movies does not require a great or real deep economic crisis to act as a motivator. Based on scientific studies, people always want to be entertained when they are in bad moods or situations (Pincus-Roth, 2009). People consume entertainment as part of their adaptive measures in m ood management. Therefore, the current global recession is not likely to reduce the number of movie goers. Disney will continue to have more movie consumers but not around the cinemas. Since the company has initiated entertainment through the internet and the iPhones, the entertainment strategic unit will not be affected much by the recession. Business strategic units are essential in operations of a company as they assist in developing a competitive edge within an organization. Walt Disney has been using SBUs to reach different segments of its target population (David, 2009). Intellectual property rights like copyrights reduce copyright infringements as they protect the owner from competitors and other users. It also gives a competitive edge to the company. Through regulations, issues associated with copyrights can be minimised. People like entertainment as a part of mood management. Therefore, the current recession is less likely to affect the entertainment sector of Disney Compan y. However, its cinemas and park themes and resorts will be adversely affected as the cost of living; fuel, unemployment, and inflation have risen affecting the disposable income of the people. Reference List Branton, M. (2008). Walt Disney Company-2007. 30-43. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/PearsonAdvertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More David, F.R. (2009). BUS 490: Strategic management concepts and cases: 2009 custom edition (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Pearson Koontz, H., Weihrich, H. (2007).  Essentials of management: An international perspective. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Ledgerwood, J. (2006).  Transforming microfinance institutions: Providing full financial services to the poor. Washington, DC: World Bank Pubns. Pincus-Roth, Z. (April 12, 2009). â€Å"Hollywood tries to come up with its best recession fare†. Los- Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-12-ca-escape12-story.html Smoodin, E. L. (1994). Disney discourse: Producing the magic kingdom. Newyork, NY: Routledge publishers. This case study on Walt Disney Company was written and submitted by user Kabuki to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company was established in the year 1923 by two brothers: Roy Disney and Walt Disney. The company started from a very humble beginning as a cartoon studio, but later ventured deeply into the entertainment industry by introducing its own films such as the animated films.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Walt Disney Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today this company has many affiliate companies and also sells consumer products such as clothes and electronics. Moreover, Walt Disney Company has improved its productivity because of good organizational culture that is practiced by employees and stakeholders of the organization. Disney encouraged people to participate in the civil war by producing pieces that expressed the theme of fighting during the First World War. Victory Through Air Power and Education for Death are among the films that were used to spread awareness during the civil war. However, Walt Disney died in 1966, and five years later his brother also passed on. Their death was a big blow to the company, but fortunately the people who were left in charge of the company had been trained by the two brothers, and thus they were able to follow their legacy (Neal, 2007). The success of Walt Disney Company is owed to its strong emphasis on values and work ethics. The company’s values include innovation, quality, community, storytelling, optimism, and decency. The values are part of Disney’s core mission of â€Å"providing quality entertainment for people around the world† (Disney, n.d, para. 2). The company has an established code of ethics that must be observed by all employees regardless of their location or duty. The company is committed to the wellness of its employees and this is done by availing a favorable working environment where there are adequate and efficient channels of communication between the employees and the administrat ors. In addition, Neal (2009) outlines that the company strives to produce goods and services of the best quality which is essential to meeting its customers’ needs. The items and services offered by Disney are regularly vetted to make sure they are safe. The success of quality is attributed to efficient communication between the customers and the company; customers provide feedback on Disney’s products to help the company in improving product quality. Cohesion is also encouraged at Walt Disney, which makes it possible for employees to team up in achieving organizational goals. The teams at Walt Disney are comprised of people from various backgrounds and it is this diversity that guarantees excellence due to the difference in skills and abilities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, the company is recognized as an equal opportunity employer becau se it does not discriminate against race, gender or any other matter. Furthermore, if an employee has to be fired there are established procedures that are to be followed to retain the integrity of the company and the employee (Neal, 2007). Similarly, the company boasts of many achievements one of them being the setting up of Disney parks which are used as parents and children amusement parks. The company has won various trophies in the past such as the academy award, which was accorded to The Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs films. Moreover, the company has managed to buy most companies in the entertainment industry and some of them include Marvel Entertainment and ABC. In this light, Miner (2007) suggests that when the espoused values of an organization align with its enacted values, the company is able to increase its productivity. Disney’s achievements show that the company’s values are appreciated by its employees and the target market because it fulfils their expe ctations. Despite all these achievements Walt Disney has encountered a lot of resistance from people who argued that some of its films had sexually explicit content. The Catholic Church in the US has been discouraging its followers from purchasing products made by Walt Disney because of the company’s stand on homosexuality. Even though the two brothers are long dead, the company has continued to thrive day after day because of good organizational culture. References Disney. (n.d). The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies – Culture. Retrieved from https://jobs.disneycareers.com/ Miner, J. (2007).Organizational Behavior: From Theory to Practice. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Neal, G. (2007).Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. New York: Random House.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Walt Disney Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Walt Disney Company was written and submitted by user Braydon Wright to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Paint a face on the Audiences of Outdoor Magazine and PC Photo Magazine

Paint a face on the Audiences of Outdoor Magazine and PC Photo Magazine Writing for a specific magazine, the writer should take into consideration many important details that will make it possible to create the article interesting for the readers. In other words, the writer should direct his writing on a particular audience. For example, writing for a professional magazine, the writer will choose topics relevant to the subject and use specific terms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paint a face on the Audiences of Outdoor Magazine and PC Photo Magazine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, there are many means used to attract and, what is more important, hold the reader’s attention. These means are the author’s language choice, tone of the voice, specific descriptions, example and details. All these means should be focused on the interests and knowledge of the target audience. Stark and Pitt are the writers who create articles for magazines with different audience. Cons equently, their articles cover the topics relevant to the target audiences and use voice and terminology that are understandable for the readers. However, how would their writings change if they switch audiences with each other? Thus, in order to attract and keep the attention of their new audience, the writers would have change the manner of representation of the material, terminology and voice of their articles. As it has already been mentioned, the author should focus his writing on the knowledge and interests of the target audience. Edward Jay Friedlander and John Lee in their book Feature Writing for Newspapers and Magazines: The Pursuit of Excellence say that, â€Å"writers, if they are to be successful, must learn not only to write in different voices, but also deliver the topics in a manner expected by readers† (76). In other words, the writer should define a target audience. Each magazine has a specific target audience. It can be a professional magazine, scientific, a magazine for teenagers, housekeepers or car drivers, etc. In each case, the writer should take into account. Thus, if the authors switch the audience, the first thing they should do is to correct the titles of their articles. According to the settled condition, the authors should make the topics of their articles interesting for audience of a different journal. Pitt would have to change the manner of presentation of the material, as a majority of the target audience of the Outside magazine would not understand the terminology applied to digital technologies. His article is aimed at teaching people work with Photoshop and some of its new versions. Thus, it presupposes that readers can use the program and knows the terminology, â€Å"we used Jasc Paint Shop Pro 8 for our example, but most photo imagine has the same or similar tools† (Pitt n. pag.). The readers of the Outside Magazine, who might be interested in the digital edit of the photography by themselves, hardly know th ese tools.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the author should introduce explanations for the terms and usage of the tools. Moreover, as the audience much of the context of the writing, the author might change the subject matter, for example, instead of editing human photo, he could suggest editing of the nature or animals pictures. Finally, he uses the first first-person voice, and then switches to the second-person voice to teach his readers. In case with the audience of the Outside Magazine, he must change the way of addressing to the audience. It should be less straightforward, as the majority of articles in the Outside Magazine are the stories that happen to people and look like literature stories. Thus, Pitt must change the tone of instruction to less straightforward, more get-to-know one and switch to the second or third voice. If Peter Stark writes fo r the PC Photo Magazine, he also must change many things in his article. It is very important to remember that: â€Å"The words in the text should reflect an author’s knowledge of the topic with the intent of informing the reader. Most authors not only want the information to be accessible, but also want to achieve their purpose by allowing the reader to â€Å"enter† into the text comfortably. Authors do this by making the word choice and language interesting, compelling, and appropriate to the audience’s knowledge level, age, and experience† (Medina 41). For him, it would be a bit difficult to attract the attention of people who are interested in the digital technologies, to the topic of his article â€Å"As Freezing Persons Recollect the Snow – First Chill, then Stupor, then the Letting Go†. Thus, the first thing that can be done is changing the title into more appropriate. For example, â€Å"What Should One Do if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The form of the writing should be changed as well. It should contain some instructions or helpful advice. The article should be written in second voice and include some conclusion, for example, some addition to the story after the experience. In addition, the terminology, such as â€Å"hypothermia† should be changed to more common words. Thus, we can come to a conclusion that the target audience of the magazine article, as well as other writings has a great meaning, and the writing interesting for one reader can be absolutely indifferent to other reader. If Pitt and Stark change the target audience of their articles, they will have to change many issues, such as title, examples, terminology, idea, voice, manner of representation of the material.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paint a face on the Audiences of Outdoor Magazine and PC Photo Magazine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Friedlander, Edward Jay, and John Lee . Feature Writing for Newspapers and Magazines: The Pursuit of Excellence. Harper Collins College Publishers, 1996. Medina, Conni. Successful Strategies for Reading in the Content Areas. Huntington Beach: Shell Education, 2007. Pitts, Wes. â€Å"Photo Exorcism†. Motives for Writing 5th Ed. Ed. Robert Keith Miller. Online Learning Center. Web. Stark, Peter, â€Å"As Freezing Persons Recollect the Snow – First Chill, then Stupor, then the Letting Go†. Motives for Writing 6th Ed. Ed. Robert Keith Miller. Online Learning Center. Web.

The Cafe Business in the Technical School Research Paper

The Cafe Business in the Technical School - Research Paper Example This results in several deductions that conclusively support the questions under study by looking at all angles affecting the college of technology. The results reflect a generalization that shows how the business is fairing in the college and thus, tastes and preferences among student and staff are deduced with ease.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The information provided indicates that students in higher levels find the cafà © a suitable joint since it saves time. The demand for the products is high among the student's fraternity. As a result, cafà © personnel needs to look for ways of attracting the freshmen and sophomores in order to increase demand.†Ã‚   â€Å"From the graph, many of the students did not respond to this question. In the 1-2 weeks interval, 35 students visit the cafà © while 20 of the faculty members visit in the same duration. Only 3 students visit the cafà © 5 or more times, yet none of the faculty members frequent the cafà © this number of times.† â€Å"The info rmation stipulated in the graph indicates that the cafà © needs to investigate the main reasons leading to the low number of visits to the cafà © by both staff and students in the 5 or more interval. The recommendation is to introduce products that will attract students and staff in order to increase the number of weekly visits. These will emphasis on their desired product and services in order to satisfy the customers of the cafe.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The graph indicates that the highest number of students (113) did not respond to the question. However, those who said yes to purchase of pizza are 25 and 13 for the faculty/staff. The largest number of students (18) also do not purchase from the cafà ©, whilst the staff was 10.† â€Å"From the above information, it is evident that many participants of the survey were not ready to answer questions.  

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper - Assignment Example That is deductive argument. However, if the process were done backward, then that would be inductive argumentation. There are three perennial issues philosophy has always been concerned and trying to resolve until now. The first issue is the meaning of life, which philosophy tries to find value and reason, or purpose, for one to exist. The next issue is the origin of life, which philosophy searches for understandable answers as to where do all life and existence begin or come from. The last issue is the question of reality. Philosophy seeks to understand whether what we know and experience with our perception actually exists, not merely appears. The cosmological argument for the existence of God states that the world or the cosmos most probably had a creator, a first cause, an unmoved mover who created everything that exist, which is attributed to God. On the other hand, the ontological argument would infer God’s existence through the a priori way of reasoning, wherein the human person can grasp the concept of a God, thus, there must be a God. The four ethical systems are the Aristotelian Golden Mean, Confucian Golden Rule, Natural Law Ethics and Kantian Categorical Imperative. The Aristotelian Golden Mean is all about doing things in balanced measure, never doing any act that is too much or too less but doing what is just enough. The Confucian Golden Rule speaks of doing what is right to others if one were to expect good from others as well. The Natural Law Ethics rules that since nature and the universe moves in an orderly manner, we must act in accordance as such. The Kantian Categorical Imperative asserts that an individual’s morality is absolute and unconditional in any circumstances The Western view of evil is that the existence of Evil is the absence of what is good. That means, an action that is void of any good

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Sport and Exercise

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Sport and Exercise Critically discuss interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to sport and exercise science within the professional experience undertaken in term 1. Support your answers with relevant literature and theory The advance in sports professionalism and the increasing intensity of competition has made a scientific approach to sport vital to monitoring and improving performance (Campbel. 2007). British expertise in sport and exercise science is reflected in the growing number of postgraduate qualifications that offer the chance to study new and exciting developments. The applications of scientific principles are studied by examining three branches of science biomechanics, physiology and psychology although this knowledge is applied differently to each of the sport and exercise disciplines. Sport science largely offers expert scientific backup for top sport training and performance, while exercise science has a central role in physical programmes aimed at improving general health (Campbel.2007). The qualified sport and exercise scientist can expect to have a broad technical, physiological and psychological knowledge, and stands to benefit from current developments within the field offering a professional status. Although research within sport and exercise science is done in many different disciplines, the majority of published research is mono-disciplinary. Burwitz et al (1994) defined mono-disciplinary as a singular discipline in nature. A professional experience was undertaken to assess the approaches to inter and multi-disciplinary within sport and exercise science research. The experience was of a sport science nature which involved the participation of a newly created test, designed to monitor endurance performance. The test focused on heart rate response, ground contact times and oxygen uptake whilst running on a treadmill at sub maximal speeds. The data collected from this test will, as a result, be used to better the understanding of factors that contribute to endurance performance and importantly to easily be able to measure these factors. A similar study created by Blackadar et al (2001) found that the measurements of ground contact times and heart rate response during level runnin g at chosen speed can provide accurate estimates of maximal aerobic power. Carpenter and Ledger (2004) suggests that an understanding of physiological factors is essential for anyone involved in sport (coach or performer), appreciation of this is vital in developing effective training programmes and optimising performance. This essay will outline what multi and interdisciplinary approaches to sport and exercise science are. It will then delineate how the two approaches can be applied to the professional experience undertaken. An Interdisciplinary approach within sport and exercise science involves a partnership of coaches with sport and exercise scientists such as physiologists or psychologists. Miles et al (1997) defines an interdisciplinary approach as more than one area of sport and exercise science working together in an integrated and co-ordinated manner to solve a problem. Interdisciplinary research needs to involve a strong integration of information from more than one sub-discipline of sport and exercise science from the outset of a particular research programme (Burwitz et al. 1994). Williams and James (2001) developed a model to demonstrate interdisciplinary approaches, where the goal of the sport or exercise is affected by each area involved. Multidisciplinary research involves less integration of the sub-disciplines of sport and exercise science. Each discipline tends to work in parallel on a common topic (Burwitz et al. 1994). Just like interdisciplinary, it involves more than one sport working together but the difference being they work together in an isolated, unitary and co-ordinated manner (Miles et al 1997). In a multidisciplinary approach each discipline will look for problems to a solution from within only that discipline, for example, a physiologist will look at how the body responds to exercise; each discipline will then assemble their findings. Alternatively in an interdisciplinary approach, the physiologist may work together with a biomechanist to look at if rate of fatigue changes with different technique (Burwitz et al. 1994). The deficient in the integration of sub-disciplines from the outset of sport and exercise science may be resultant to the multidisciplinary research, thus, making it harder to integra te them together whilst trying to bring about an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving. The majority of sport and exercise science research is mono-disciplinary (Burwitz et al 1994) but introducing the involvement of multi and interdisciplinary research will help to improve the overall standard of research. It will bond together more than one discipline of sport and exercise science such as physiology and biomechanics, consequently, improving the ability to solve problems such as injury, fatigue and poor technique. More than one approach working together as a team will combine their knowledge and methods from their different areas to be able to solve a problem. Regardless of these resemblances, fundamental disparities between the two stated approaches are still apparent. Interdisciplinary approaches look to be the best in terms of bringing about improvements as it incorporates the disciplines which take the form of ‘bridge-building (Squires et al 1975). This requires an amalgamation of expert knowledge from diverse disciplines concentrating on a precise problem. Contrastingly, multidisciplinary approaches gather rather than combine knowledge; consequently the sub-disciplines work independently during the research processes before coming together to reach a conclusion about a stated problem (Burwitz et al 1994). Burwitz et al (1994) believes that an interdisciplinary approach will disclose possible conflicts between the disciplines. As there are direct dealings among sub-disciplines, a view given by one area could be disputed by another. This is less likely to occur in multi-disciplinary approaches as the disciplines do not work in dir ect contact with one another. Despite the above examples, no clear definition is given of the distinctions between the two approaches because many sport and exercise scientists have regarded multi and inter-disciplinary as synonymous terms (Burwitz et al 1994). The professional experience undertaken was involved with sport science; Smith (2001) describes sport science as being characterised by collaborations with coaches and performance directors. The experience undertaken was first and foremost a physiological approach. Researchers have amassed so much knowledge about physical activity that it is now a separate academic field of study within the biological sciences (Katch et al 2000). Physiology of exercise can be defined as the study of how the body responds and adapts to exercise and importantly identifies physiological characteristics that explain rather than simply describe performance and also focus on ways to improve performance (Bromley et al 2007). Middle distance running is a sport that utilises this definition very well. In this event, oxidative phosphorylation represents the principal energy-producing metabolic pathway and, therefore, it is not surprising that the parameters of fitness which correlate most closely with performance are those related to oxygen uptake (VO2max), the various oxygen uptake required to run at different speeds (running economy), and the oxygen uptake that can be sustained without appreciable accumulation of lactate in the blood (Jones. 1998). Understanding the pr inciples of these factors will contribute to improving endurance performance, and as a result enable an athlete to overcome these issues and improve them. During the professional experience questions were put to the researcher regarding the involvement of other disciplines to determine the dimension of the research. These questions were: ‘are there any other areas of sport and exercise science e.g. biomechanist, psychologist, etc, other than yourself (a physiologist) present to help assess the data gathered from the research? ‘Will the results of the research be collated with other disciplines and fed back to the performer? The response from the questions asked clearly demonstrated that the research being carried out was of a mono-disciplinary nature as there was no interaction with other disciplines of sport science. As discussed, an increase in the need from multi or interdisciplinary in sport and exercise science, would have much improved this study as more than one a re of sport and exercise science being involved would have given feedback to an athlete, therefore increasing the value. The research itself was looking at the reliability and validity of a heart rate by looking at its response to ground contact times whilst running on a treadmill to see if it can be used to predict endurance performance. As well as being assessed physiologically, the researcher may have advised the athlete to be assessed by a biomechanist, this may show results that running technique could affect fatigue, for example, the biomechanist could get the athlete to run over a force plate, and the force generated on the plate could show that too much force is being exerted and as a result making you fatigue more quickly. This could then be fed back to the physiologist whereby a solution could be put together to rectify this and therefore the enabling the athlete to have a better running efficiency. This would create an interdisciplinary approach as more than one disciplin e is working together in an integrated fashion thus improving feedback to the athlete and as a result give the athlete a much better chance of improving performance. The professional experience undertaken was shown to be mono-disciplinary as it was a test focusing solely on the physiological changes of an athlete whilst performing a treadmill run. As discussed above, introducing further dimensions may have been more beneficial to the athlete as they receive more feedback of ways to improve. However the test was a funded study by a recognised middle distance running corporation (The British Milers Club) to specifically look at the monitoring of endurance performance and the introduction of other disciplines may have confused the findings and taken away the aims of the study.

Coase(1972) †durable and monopoly[2] Essay

R. H. COASE Universityof ChicagoLaw School that A SSUME a supplier owns the total stock of a completely durable good. At what price will he sell it? To take a concrete example, assume that one person owns all the land in the United States and, to simplify the analysis, that all land is of uniform quality. Assume also that the landowner is not able to work the land himself, that ownership of land yields no utility and that there are no costs involved in disposing of the land. If there were a large number of landownersand the price were competitively determined, the price would be that at which the amount demandedwas equal to the amount of land in the United States. If we imagine this fixed supply of land to be various amounts either greater or smaller, and then discover what the competitively determinedprice would be, we can trace out the demand schedule for American land. Assume that this demand schedule is DD and that from this a marginal revenue schedule, MR, has been derived. Both schedules are shown in Figure I. Let the total amount of land in existence be OQ. Then, if the price were competitively determined,the price would be OB (see Figure I). We now have to determine the price which the monopolistic landowner would charge for a unit of land in the assumed conditions. The diagramwould seem to suggest (and has, I believe, suggested to some) that such a monopolistic landownerwould charge the price OA, would sell the quantity of land OM, thus maximising his receipts, and would hold off the market the quantity of land, MQ. But suppose that he did this. MQ land and money equal to OA X OM would be in the possession of the original landowner while OM land would be owned by others. In these circumstances, why should the original landownercontinue to hold MQ off the market? The original landownercould obviously improve his position by selling more land since he could by this means acquire more money. It is true that this would reduce the value of the land OM owned by those who had previously bought land from him-but the loss would fall on them, not on him. If the same assumption about his behaviour was made as before, he would then sell part of MQ. But this is not the end of the story, since some of MQ would still remain unsold. The process would continue as long as the original landowner retained any land, that is, until OQ had been sold. And if there were no costs of disposing of the land, the whole process would take place in the twinkling of an eye. 143 144 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS Figure D I z mj A † _ o Q : D 0 M Q QUANTITY MR It might be objected to this supposedbehaviourunder which land is sold in separate transactions involving blocks of land, probably of diminishing size, that it would be even better if the landowner sold the land by infinitesimal units, thus maximising his total revenue. But this is neither here nor there. Whatever the intermediatesteps are assumed to be, OQ land will be sold. And given that OQ is going to be sold, the value of a unit of land is going to be OB and given this, no buyer of land will pay more than OB for it. Although the demand schedule may be correctly drawn in that, if the quantity of land is OM, the price would be OA, the landownerwould find himself in the position that, if he were charged more than OB, he would sell nothing. The demand schedule facing the original landowner would be infinitely elastic at the competitive price and this even though he was the sole supplier. With complete durability, the price becomes independent of the number of suppliers and is thus always equal to the competitive price. DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 145 How could the landowner avoid this result? He could do this and obtain the price OA from the sale of OM land by making special contractual arrangements with the purchasersof land by which, as a condition of sale, he agreed to hold unsold in perpetuity the quantity of land MQ. Alternatively, he could agree to buy back any land that was offered to him in the future at a price just under OA, thus making it against his interest to sell more than OM land. Another way in which essentially the same result could be obtained would be for the landowner not to sell the land but to lease it for relatively short periods of time. It would then be comparatively easy for him to assure lessees that no increasein supply will occur during the lease period either by entering into all leases at the same point in time, or by announcing that he would not change the rental price during the lease period or by agreeing to adjust the prices charged to existing lessees if a lower charge is made to others during the lease period. In any case, even if such contractual arrangementscannot be made, lessees have some reason to believe that the landownerwill not, in fact, lease more than OM land by charging lower prices for some of the unutilised land (after having entered into contracts at OA) because it would not be in his self-interest to do so. With this kind of leasing, the total earnings of the landowner depend largely on the rents at which land can be leased in future periods and the yield from these rents will tend to be higher the greater the confidence the lessees have that the amount of land leased during the lease period will not be more than OM. That confidence would obviously be weakened and the rent that could be charged in future reduced, if extra land above OM is leased during the current lease period. It is this which would tend to give lessees confidence that such extra land will not be leased. Of course, the negotiating of such rental contracts for short periods for each piece of land might be extremely costly and indeed might be so costly as to offset the gain in revenue from the limitation in the amount of land utilised. But, if not too costly, leasing would tend to ensure that only OM land was utilised. Another alternative would be for the landowner to give MQ land to someone who is less concernedabout money-makingthan he is. For example, the landowner might donate MQ land to the government to be used â€Å"in the public interest†. Some such contractual or institutional arrangementsas these would enable the landowner to charge the monopoly price. But in the absence of such arrangements,the price charged will be the competitive price. It may be thought that this argument does not apply if the permanently durable good is produced by a monopolist supplier rather than being part of nature. But this is not so. Assume that the demand schedule for this good is DD, representingthe present value of its future services for various quantities of the good. Assume that it is produced by a single firm and that marginal costs are constant. MR representsthe marginal revenue schedule and MC the 146 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS marginalcost schedule. All schedulesare shown in Figure II. Cost and demand conditions are assumed to remain the same in the future. In effect, this means that if the competitive output, OQ, is produced originally, nothing will be producedin later periods. A similar argument to that used in the case of the landowner will demonstrate that the price that this producer will charge (assuming outright sale) will not be OA, the apparentmonopolyprice, but will be OB, since the demand for his output of this good is infinitely elastic at this price up to the output OQ. Again, it is possible to introduce conditions into the contract for sale which would avoid this. An agreement not to produce any more of the good afterOM has been produced,an offer to buy back the good at any time in the future at a price just under OB, or the use of leasing rather than outright sale, would all have the effect of making it possible to charge OA (just as similararrangementswould enable the monopolist landowner to achieve the monopoly price). Figure 1T A QB CL MC 0 /l M IA ! Q M-r-rvMR ~U-lM 11 I DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 147 Some of these arrangementsmay not be legally enforceableand, in any case, are likely to involve additional costs as against those incurredin outright sale. There is, however, an alternative which was not available to the hypothetical landownerand that is to make the good less durable. This may raise the costs of providing the stream of services affordedby the durable good, may result in charges over the future which have a present value greater than OA and a supply of services less than that affordedby OM of the durable good. Profits will also be less than they would be if this firm could sell OM at price OA. But this is not a real alternative in the absence of the various contractual arrangementsmentioned. If the durable good is produced, the output will be OQ at price OB. If a less durable good is produced, a higher price can be charged because consumers do not have to fear an increase in supply if they buy at the monopoly price. The productionof a less durable good as against a more durable good is very similar to a policy of leasing since, by making the good less durable,the producersells the services providedby the good for short periods of time (because the good wears out) whereas in leasing the same result is achieved by selling the services of a given durable good in short period segments. The reason why making a good less durable enables a producer to charge higher prices than he could if the good were extremely durable is that it makes it in his self-interest not to increase supply since, if he did this, it would tend to lead consumers to believe that he might do this again in the future, a belief which would make it impossible for him to charge the monopoly price (as was explained in the case of land for leasing). Another circumstance reinforces the conclusion that making a good less durable will enable the monopolist producer to charge a higher price. What a consumer has to fear is an increasein supply during the period in which he (or someone to whom he transfers the good) is deriving services from the good. The less durable the good, the shorter is this period. But the shorter the period that the supplierhas in which to increase supply, the greater will be the additional costs of increasing supply. Lessened durability reduces the gain from an increase in supply and thus reduces the likelihood that it will occur. The analysis up to this point has proceededon the assumption that marginal costs were constant for the durable good. It needs modification if marginal costs rise with increases in the rate of output. With constant marginal costs, production would take place in the first period and would then cease. With rising marginalcosts, productionwould extend over a period of time, although, since price would fall as the stock of the durable good increased, the rate of production would decrease as time passed. Since sales occur sequentially, in setting the price in later periods, the producer will not take into account the fall in the value of the existing stock (which is, of course, owned by others). To this extent the behaviourof the producerwill inevitably be com- 148 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS petitive in character and the stock (and price) will move towards the competitive level. Because of this, consumers will pay less (and the producer’s profits will be less), than they would if, throughan agreementas to the total quantity that could be produced or an agreement on a re-purchaseprice or through the use of leasing, production were limited to the monopoly output. Reducing the durability of the good is an alternative policy which might be more profitable (as was argued in the case of constant marginal costs). There is an additional element introduced by the fact that production will continue over a period of time. The producerwill have to consider the effect his actions have on the expectations of consumersabout his actions in future periods. He can in general be counted upon to refrain from expanding output when any gain that he might make through disappointingconsumers’expectations (if they thought he would restrict production) would be less than the loss he would suffer in future from not fulfilling them. However, there is no reason why conditions should not be such that it would always pay to disappoint consumers’expectations of a restrictionin output (if they held such expectations) and in such circumstances,output in all periods would be such as to make marginalcost equal to price (if some of the arrangementsmentioned earlierwere not used). This result is particularly likely since, in the assumed conditions of rising marginal costs, prices and production will decline over time. Even in conditions in which the producer would not wish to disappoint consumers’expectations of a restrictionin production, it is by no means easy to say how things would work out in practice since neither the producer nor the consumers would necessarily have clear, or the same, ideas about the future. A full analysis of this situation would be very complicated but could not affect the main contention of this note, that with durability some contractualor institutional arrangementof the type mentioned earlier may be a less costly and perhaps the only way of achieving a monopoly price or that reduceddurability may prove to be a better way out of the difficulty. Oneother qualification should be mentioned. The analysis up to this point has assumed that demand and cost conditions remained unchanged, in effect, that the economy was in a stationary state. The present value of any given amountof the durablegood will always take into account future demands,but if demand remains the same, the present value of its future services (for any givenamount of the durablegood) will remain the same as time passes. However,with increasing demands present values will rise and future production will be greater than has been assumed (with constant marginal costs there willbe some future productionas against none). This enhances the importance ofthe considerationsdiscussed in the previous paragraph,since the future loss fromnot restricting output will tend to be greater. Whether the expected increasein demand would be sufficient to lead the producer to restrict output DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 149 in earlier periods depends on its extent, on the rate of discount, on the nature of the cost schedule, on whether costs are expected to increase in the meantime (and by how much) and on the confidencewith which these views about the future are held. An expected increase in demand may or may not obviate the need for the contractual arrangementsmentioned earlier (or a reduction in durability) if the monopolist producer of a durable good is to secure the monopoly price. The business practices which I have suggested as devices which a monopolist supplier might use to cope with the problem of durability may, of course, be adopted for reasons which have nothing to do with my argument. A land developer, in selling land on which houses are to be built, may agree to hold neighbouringland off the market to improve the amenities; the supplier of a durable good may agree to buy it back at some specified price in the future because consumers are willing to pay for this reduction in risk; leasing is often a less costly way for the consumer to obtain the services of a durable good; a reduction in durability may enable a supplier to provide a given stream of services at lower cost. Even when these practices are adopted to avoid the consequencesof durability on demand, they are not necessarily undesirable-an agreementnot to produce more than a certain quantity may be a necessary condition in the competitive supply of a durable good for which marginalcost is less than average cost. Nevertheless, these business practices, including reduced durability, may be essential elements in securing a monopolistic price. However, these practices have their costs and they may not, in fact, always be feasible. Furthermore,some of the contractual arrangements will not be enforceable over a long period. In such circumstances, the competitive outcome may be achieved even if there is but a single supplier.